"Rohtasgarh is a stronghold on the summit of a lofty mountain,
difficult to access. It has a circumference of 14 kos and the land is
cultivated. It contains many springs, has wherever the soil is excavated to the
depth of three or four yards, water is visible. In the rainy season lakes are
formed, and more than two hundred waterfalls gladden the eye and ear. The
climate is remarkably healthy.”
------ Mentions Ain-i-Akbari
Such a beautiful and massive fort, which was
centre of power for Bihar-Bengal-Odisha, i.e East India region till British era
is now struggling for its own existence. On the bank of Son river,
encircled by great canyon, with beautiful landscapes and alluring waterfalls,
make this fort more strategic and artistic. Constructed and modified by
different ruler in different era, the fort now represents the perfect blend of
Pukhtun and Hindu architecture. Presence of various Hindu and Islamic
architecture within the fort premises confirming the long and rich past of this
fort.
Travelling around two hours from the district headquarters at Sasaram,
one can reach the foot of the hill over which is the Rohtas Fort. The fort is
situated at about 1500 feet above sea level. There are about 2000 odd limestone
steps at Medha Ghat meant for the most common mode of ascent to the fort on
foot at present. For trek lovers another route is also there. After the
tiresome hilly trek of an hour and a half, one reaches the boundary wall of the
fort. A lovely waterfall is seen during the rains, which falls over the
fortifications, and watching them will surely release your hours long
tiredness.
A ramshackle gate with a cupola seen very first is standing proudly and
remembering its golden history. From here one has to walk another mile for the
elephantine Rohtas fort.
The early history of Rohtasgarh is still obscure. Local legends says
that the modern days Rohtas hill is named after the Rohitasva, the son of legendary
king Harischandra, and same is confirmed in Harivansh Puran. Apart from this there
is no historical evidences to relate the existence of early king Rohitasva,
with the fort. It is believed that Rohitasva spent his time in exile at
this modern day Rohtas hill, and married a local tribal lady here.
The Shahabad Gazetteer says
that “The tradition that Rohtas was once the seat of their race lingers
among the Kharwars, Oraons and the Cheros; the Kharwars call themselves
suryavanshi and allege that, like Rohitaswa, they are descended from the Sun;
while the Cheros claim that they held the plateau till they sallied forth for
the conquest of Palamu. Similarly, the Oraons assert that Rohtasgarh originally
belonged to their chiefs and was finally wrested from them by the Hindus who
surprised them at night during one of their great national festivals, when the
men had fallen senseless from intoxication, and only women were left to fight.”
The old texts and inscriptions found near Rohtas
suggest that the fort was in the possession of the Hindu king Pratapdhavala of
the Japala dynasty. Whereas other inscriptions cite that it was ruled by the
Khayarwala clan who were sovereigns of Shahabad (modern day Bhojpur, Buxar,
Kaimur and Rohtas region). Among this all, the oldest historical record
found on the fort is an inscription which is ascribed to the 7th century,
thereby implying the existence of the rule of Sasanka in the 7th century over
Rohtas.
Except from the matrix for making seals belonging to the 7th century AD king Sasanka or some older texts, all other artifacts are from the time of Sher Shah Suri and onwards.
In 1539 AD, after loosing the Fort of Chunar in
a fight with Mughal emperor Humayun, Sher Shah requested the Hindu King of
Rohtas Chandra Bhan, to leave his women, children and treasure in the
safety of the fort, while he was away fighting in Bengal. The king agreed and
with the first few palanquins had women and children, but the later ones
carrying fierce Afghan soldiers, Sher Shah captured Rohtas and forced the Hindu
king to flee. And thus the Fort of Rohtas passed out of the hands of the
Hindu kings into those of Sher Shah Suri. Buchanan mentions
that, during the reign of Sher Shah, 10000-armed men guarded the fort.
In 1558 AD, Raja
Man Singh, Akbar's Hindu General, ruled Rohtas. As the Governor of Bengal and
Bihar, he made Rohtas his headquarters in view of its inaccessibility and other
natural defenses. He built a splendid palace for himself, renovated the rest of
the fort, cleared up the ponds and made gardens in Persian style. The palace
was constructed in a north-south axis, with its entrance to the west with
barracks for soldiers in front. The fort is still in a fairly good condition.
After the death of Raja Man Singh, the fort came under the jurisdiction
of the office of the Emperor's wazir from where the governors were appointed.
In 1621 AD, the Prince Khurram revolted against his father Jahangir and took
refuge at Rohtas. The guardian of the fort, Saiyyad Mubarak handed over the
keys of Rohtas to the prince. Khurram once again came to Rohtas for safety when
he tried to win Avadh, but lost the battle of Kampat. His son Murad Baksh was
born to his wife Mumtaz Mahal. During Aurangzeb's reign the fort was used as a
detention camp for those under trial and housing prisoners sentenced for life,
and still the evidences of hanging houses is present.
In 1763 AD, in the Battle of Udhwa Nala,
the Nawab of Bihar and Bengal, Mir Kasim, lost to the British and fled
with his family to Rohtas. But he was not able to hide at the fort. Finally the
Diwan of Rohtas, Shahmal handed it over to the British Captain
Goddard. During his two-month stay at the fort, the Captain destroyed the
storeroom and many of the fortifications. Goddard left, keeping some guards in
charge of the fort, but they too left after a year.
There was peace at the fort for the next 100 years or so, which was at last broken at the time of the First War of independence in 1857. Amar Singh, the brother of Kunwar Singh, together with his companions took refuge here. There were many encounters with the British where the latter were at a disadvantage, for the jungles and the tribal in them were of great help to the Indian soldiers. Finally, after a long drawn out military blockade and many clashes, the British overcame the Indians.
The Fort thereafter lied neglected and was
forgotten by the mainstream tourists, due to unwanted reasons. But with the
great efforts by the officials and locals this fort again became accessible for
travelers. With little bit of infrastructural development and proper promotion,
this fort will sure regain its centuries old position and shine as a star in
the monumental world.
P.S: All the above contents are inspired by Silent Pages India, a complete blog to understand historical legacy of India by Vikas Vaibhav and excerpts of conversation between Gargi Manish & Dr. Shyam Sunder Tiwari, whose intensive research for Sasaram, especially for Rohtas will be remembered forever.
Happy Travelling !!